Adaptation and resilience measures help countries reduce vulnerabilities to the current or expected impacts of climate change.
Carbon markets are trading schemes that provide financial incentives for climate change mitigation.
Circular economy approaches are focused on reducing waste and pollution, keeping materials and resources in use, and regenerating natural ecosystems.
Climate finance refers to financial resources and instruments that are used to support action on climate change.
Climate security refers to safeguarding societies, economies and political systems from the impacts of climate change.
Forests play multiple roles in achieving global sustainability, particularly in climate action, biodiversity conservation and livelihoods support.
Just transition approaches ensure that every person and country benefits from moving towards a low-carbon global economy.
Loss and damage refers to the negative, unavoidable effects of climate change, in both economic and non-economic terms.
To tackle climate change, countries must pivot towards low-carbon economic development and achieve net-zero emissions.
Transparency refers to the reliable measurement, accessible reporting, and expert review of national climate data and progress towards climate goals.
Cities are key to combating climate change, serving as hubs for innovative mitigation and adaptation solutions.